Architectural and Civil Drafters

Reading Comprehension

Understanding written sentences and paragraphs in work-related documents.

Complex Problem Solving

Identifying complex problems and reviewing related information to develop and evaluate options and implement solutions.

Systems Analysis

Determining how a system should work and how changes in conditions, operations, and the environment will affect outcomes.

Critical Thinking

Using logic and reasoning to identify the strengths and weaknesses of alternative solutions, conclusions, or approaches to problems.

Active Learning

Understanding the implications of new information for both current and future problem-solving and decision-making.

Writing

Communicating effectively in writing as appropriate for the needs of the audience.

Time Management

Managing one's own time and the time of others.

Monitoring

Monitoring/Assessing performance of yourself, other individuals, or organizations to make improvements or take corrective action.

Active Listening

Giving full attention to what other people are saying, taking time to understand the points being made, asking questions as appropriate, and not interrupting at inappropriate times.

Mathematics

Using mathematics to solve problems.

Speaking

Talking to others to convey information effectively.

Coordination

Adjusting actions in relation to others' actions.

Judgment and Decision Making

Considering the relative costs and benefits of potential actions to choose the most appropriate one.

Instructing

Teaching others how to do something.

Learning Strategies

Selecting and using training/instructional methods and procedures appropriate for the situation when learning or teaching new things.

Social Perceptiveness

Being aware of others' reactions and understanding why they react as they do.

Service Orientation

Actively looking for ways to help people.

Systems Evaluation

Identifying measures or indicators of system performance and the actions needed to improve or correct performance, relative to the goals of the system.

Persuasion

Persuading others to change their minds or behavior.

Negotiation

Bringing others together and trying to reconcile differences.

Management of Personnel Resources

Motivating, developing, and directing people as they work, identifying the best people for the job.

Quality Control Analysis

Conducting tests and inspections of products, services, or processes to evaluate quality or performance.

Science

Using scientific rules and methods to solve problems.

Programming

Writing computer programs for various purposes.

Operations Monitoring

Watching gauges, dials, or other indicators to make sure a machine is working properly.

Operations Analysis

Analyzing needs and product requirements to create a design.

Technology Design

Generating or adapting equipment and technology to serve user needs.

Troubleshooting

Determining causes of operating errors and deciding what to do about it.

Management of Material Resources

Obtaining and seeing to the appropriate use of equipment, facilities, and materials needed to do certain work.

Management of Financial Resources

Determining how money will be spent to get the work done, and accounting for these expenditures.

Equipment Selection

Determining the kind of tools and equipment needed to do a job.

Operation and Control

Controlling operations of equipment or systems.

Repairing

Repairing machines or systems using the needed tools.

Equipment Maintenance

Performing routine maintenance on equipment and determining when and what kind of maintenance is needed.

Installation

Installing equipment, machines, wiring, or programs to meet specifications.

Building and Construction

Knowledge of materials, methods, and the tools involved in the construction or repair of houses, buildings, or other structures such as highways and roads.

Design

Knowledge of design techniques, tools, and principles involved in production of precision technical plans, blueprints, drawings, and models.

Engineering and Technology

Knowledge of the practical application of engineering science and technology. This includes applying principles, techniques, procedures, and equipment to the design and production of various goods and services.

English Language

Knowledge of the structure and content of the English language including the meaning and spelling of words, and rules of composition and grammar.

Computers and Electronics

Knowledge of circuit boards, processors, chips, electronic equipment, and computer hardware and software, including applications and programming.

Mathematics

Knowledge of arithmetic, algebra, geometry, calculus, statistics, and their applications.

Public Safety and Security

Knowledge of relevant equipment, policies, procedures, and strategies to promote effective local, state, or national security operations for the protection of people, data, property, and institutions.

Administration and Management

Knowledge of business and management principles involved in strategic planning, resource allocation, human resources modeling, leadership technique, production methods, and coordination of people and resources.

Customer and Personal Service

Knowledge of principles and processes for providing customer and personal services. This includes customer needs assessment, meeting quality standards for services, and evaluation of customer satisfaction.

Geography

Knowledge of principles and methods for describing the features of land, sea, and air masses, including their physical characteristics, locations, interrelationships, and distribution of plant, animal, and human life.

Law and Government

Knowledge of laws, legal codes, court procedures, precedents, government regulations, executive orders, agency rules, and the democratic political process.

Education and Training

Knowledge of principles and methods for curriculum and training design, teaching and instruction for individuals and groups, and the measurement of training effects.

Sales and Marketing

Knowledge of principles and methods for showing, promoting, and selling products or services. This includes marketing strategy and tactics, product demonstration, sales techniques, and sales control systems.

Physics

Knowledge and prediction of physical principles, laws, their interrelationships, and applications to understanding fluid, material, and atmospheric dynamics, and mechanical, electrical, atomic and sub-atomic structures and processes.

Administrative

Knowledge of administrative and office procedures and systems such as word processing, managing files and records, stenography and transcription, designing forms, and workplace terminology.

Mechanical

Knowledge of machines and tools, including their designs, uses, repair, and maintenance.

Production and Processing

Knowledge of raw materials, production processes, quality control, costs, and other techniques for maximizing the effective manufacture and distribution of goods.

Transportation

Knowledge of principles and methods for moving people or goods by air, rail, sea, or road, including the relative costs and benefits.

Communications and Media

Knowledge of media production, communication, and dissemination techniques and methods. This includes alternative ways to inform and entertain via written, oral, and visual media.

Telecommunications

Knowledge of transmission, broadcasting, switching, control, and operation of telecommunications systems.

Economics and Accounting

Knowledge of economic and accounting principles and practices, the financial markets, banking, and the analysis and reporting of financial data.

Personnel and Human Resources

Knowledge of principles and procedures for personnel recruitment, selection, training, compensation and benefits, labor relations and negotiation, and personnel information systems.

Foreign Language

Knowledge of the structure and content of a foreign (non-English) language including the meaning and spelling of words, rules of composition and grammar, and pronunciation.

Fine Arts

Knowledge of the theory and techniques required to compose, produce, and perform works of music, dance, visual arts, drama, and sculpture.

Chemistry

Knowledge of the chemical composition, structure, and properties of substances and of the chemical processes and transformations that they undergo. This includes uses of chemicals and their interactions, danger signs, production techniques, and disposal methods.

Psychology

Knowledge of human behavior and performance; individual differences in ability, personality, and interests; learning and motivation; psychological research methods; and the assessment and treatment of behavioral and affective disorders.

History and Archeology

Knowledge of historical events and their causes, indicators, and effects on civilizations and cultures.

Philosophy and Theology

Knowledge of different philosophical systems and religions. This includes their basic principles, values, ethics, ways of thinking, customs, practices, and their impact on human culture.

Biology

Knowledge of plant and animal organisms, their tissues, cells, functions, interdependencies, and interactions with each other and the environment.

Sociology and Anthropology

Knowledge of group behavior and dynamics, societal trends and influences, human migrations, ethnicity, cultures, and their history and origins.

Medicine and Dentistry

Knowledge of the information and techniques needed to diagnose and treat human injuries, diseases, and deformities. This includes symptoms, treatment alternatives, drug properties and interactions, and preventive health-care measures.

Therapy and Counseling

Knowledge of principles, methods, and procedures for diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation of physical and mental dysfunctions, and for career counseling and guidance.

Food Production

Knowledge of techniques and equipment for planting, growing, and harvesting food products (both plant and animal) for consumption, including storage/handling techniques.

Near Vision

The ability to see details at close range (within a few feet of the observer).

Visualization

The ability to imagine how something will look after it is moved around or when its parts are moved or rearranged.

Oral Comprehension

The ability to listen to and understand information and ideas presented through spoken words and sentences.

Written Expression

The ability to communicate information and ideas in writing so others will understand.

Written Comprehension

The ability to read and understand information and ideas presented in writing.

Deductive Reasoning

The ability to apply general rules to specific problems to produce answers that make sense.

Originality

The ability to come up with unusual or clever ideas about a given topic or situation, or to develop creative ways to solve a problem.

Mathematical Reasoning

The ability to choose the right mathematical methods or formulas to solve a problem.

Oral Expression

The ability to communicate information and ideas in speaking so others will understand.

Fluency of Ideas

The ability to come up with a number of ideas about a topic (the number of ideas is important, not their quality, correctness, or creativity).

Inductive Reasoning

The ability to combine pieces of information to form general rules or conclusions (includes finding a relationship among seemingly unrelated events).

Information Ordering

The ability to arrange things or actions in a certain order or pattern according to a specific rule or set of rules (e.g., patterns of numbers, letters, words, pictures, mathematical operations).

Category Flexibility

The ability to generate or use different sets of rules for combining or grouping things in different ways.

Flexibility of Closure

The ability to identify or detect a known pattern (a figure, object, word, or sound) that is hidden in other distracting material.

Problem Sensitivity

The ability to tell when something is wrong or is likely to go wrong. It does not involve solving the problem, only recognizing that there is a problem.

Selective Attention

The ability to concentrate on a task over a period of time without being distracted.

Number Facility

The ability to add, subtract, multiply, or divide quickly and correctly.

Speech Recognition

The ability to identify and understand the speech of another person.

Speech Clarity

The ability to speak clearly so others can understand you.

Far Vision

The ability to see details at a distance.

Visual Color Discrimination

The ability to match or detect differences between colors, including shades of color and brightness.

Speed of Closure

The ability to quickly make sense of, combine, and organize information into meaningful patterns.

Perceptual Speed

The ability to quickly and accurately compare similarities and differences among sets of letters, numbers, objects, pictures, or patterns. The things to be compared may be presented at the same time or one after the other. This ability also includes comparing a presented object with a remembered object.

Arm-Hand Steadiness

The ability to keep your hand and arm steady while moving your arm or while holding your arm and hand in one position.

Memorization

The ability to remember information such as words, numbers, pictures, and procedures.

Trunk Strength

The ability to use your abdominal and lower back muscles to support part of the body repeatedly or continuously over time without "giving out" or fatiguing.

Finger Dexterity

The ability to make precisely coordinated movements of the fingers of one or both hands to grasp, manipulate, or assemble very small objects.

Manual Dexterity

The ability to quickly move your hand, your hand together with your arm, or your two hands to grasp, manipulate, or assemble objects.

Control Precision

The ability to quickly and repeatedly adjust the controls of a machine or a vehicle to exact positions.

Time Sharing

The ability to shift back and forth between two or more activities or sources of information (such as speech, sounds, touch, or other sources).

Auditory Attention

The ability to focus on a single source of sound in the presence of other distracting sounds.

Hearing Sensitivity

The ability to detect or tell the differences between sounds that vary in pitch and loudness.

Wrist-Finger Speed

The ability to make fast, simple, repeated movements of the fingers, hands, and wrists.

Depth Perception

The ability to judge which of several objects is closer or farther away from you, or to judge the distance between you and an object.

Dynamic Strength

The ability to exert muscle force repeatedly or continuously over time. This involves muscular endurance and resistance to muscle fatigue.

Spatial Orientation

The ability to know your location in relation to the environment or to know where other objects are in relation to you.

Explosive Strength

The ability to use short bursts of muscle force to propel oneself (as in jumping or sprinting), or to throw an object.

Multilimb Coordination

The ability to coordinate two or more limbs (for example, two arms, two legs, or one leg and one arm) while sitting, standing, or lying down. It does not involve performing the activities while the whole body is in motion.

Response Orientation

The ability to choose quickly between two or more movements in response to two or more different signals (lights, sounds, pictures). It includes the speed with which the correct response is started with the hand, foot, or other body part.

Rate Control

The ability to time your movements or the movement of a piece of equipment in anticipation of changes in the speed and/or direction of a moving object or scene.

Reaction Time

The ability to quickly respond (with the hand, finger, or foot) to a signal (sound, light, picture) when it appears.

Speed of Limb Movement

The ability to quickly move the arms and legs.

Static Strength

The ability to exert maximum muscle force to lift, push, pull, or carry objects.

Stamina

The ability to exert yourself physically over long periods of time without getting winded or out of breath.

Extent Flexibility

The ability to bend, stretch, twist, or reach with your body, arms, and/or legs.

Dynamic Flexibility

The ability to quickly and repeatedly bend, stretch, twist, or reach out with your body, arms, and/or legs.

Gross Body Coordination

The ability to coordinate the movement of your arms, legs, and torso together when the whole body is in motion.

Gross Body Equilibrium

The ability to keep or regain your body balance or stay upright when in an unstable position.

Peripheral Vision

The ability to see objects or movement of objects to one's side when the eyes are looking ahead.

Night Vision

The ability to see under low-light conditions.

Glare Sensitivity

The ability to see objects in the presence of a glare or bright lighting.

Sound Localization

The ability to tell the direction from which a sound originated.

Adobe Acrobat

Category: Document management software | Hot Technology

Microsoft Windows

Category: Operating system software | Hot Technology

Microsoft Visio

Category: Process mapping and design software | Hot Technology

Microsoft Project

Category: Project management software | Hot Technology

Adobe After Effects

Category: Video creation and editing software | Hot Technology

Microsoft Word

Category: Word processing software | Hot Technology

SAP software

Category: Enterprise resource planning ERP software | Hot Technology

Adobe Creative Cloud software

Category: Graphics or photo imaging software | Hot Technology

Microsoft PowerPoint

Category: Presentation software | Hot Technology | In Demand

Adobe Illustrator

Category: Graphics or photo imaging software | Hot Technology

Microsoft Outlook

Category: Electronic mail software | Hot Technology | In Demand

Microsoft Office software

Category: Office suite software | Hot Technology | In Demand

Microsoft Excel

Category: Spreadsheet software | Hot Technology | In Demand

Microsoft Access

Category: Data base user interface and query software | Hot Technology

Microsoft .NET Framework

Category: Development environment software | Hot Technology

Adobe InDesign

Category: Desktop publishing software | Hot Technology

Extensible markup language XML

Category: Enterprise application integration software | Hot Technology

ESRI ArcGIS software

Category: Geographic information system | Hot Technology

Dassault Systemes SolidWorks

Category: Computer aided design CAD software | Hot Technology

Adobe Photoshop

Category: Graphics or photo imaging software | Hot Technology

C

Category: Development environment software | Hot Technology

Bentley MicroStation

Category: Computer aided design CAD software | Hot Technology

Autodesk Revit

Category: Computer aided design CAD software | Hot Technology

Autodesk AutoCAD

Category: Computer aided design CAD software | Hot Technology

Autodesk AutoCAD Civil 3D

Category: Computer aided design CAD software | Hot Technology

Trimble SketchUp Pro

Category: Graphics or photo imaging software | Hot Technology

McNeel Rhinoceros 3D

Category: Graphics or photo imaging software | In Demand

100 Plus Hatch Pattern Library

Category: Pattern design software

Adobe LiveMotion

Category: Graphics or photo imaging software

Alias Wavefront Design Studio

Category: Computer aided design CAD software

Animation software

Category: Video creation and editing software

ARCOM Masterspec

Category: Data base user interface and query software

Autodesk 3d Studio Viz

Category: Computer aided design CAD software

Autodesk 3ds Max

Category: Video creation and editing software

Autodesk Architectural Desktop

Category: Computer aided design CAD software

Autodesk Inventor

Category: Computer aided design CAD software

Autodesk Land Desktop

Category: Computer aided design CAD software

Autodesk Revit Architecture

Category: Computer aided design CAD software

Autodesk Softdesk

Category: Computer aided design CAD software

AutoDesSys form Z

Category: Computer aided design CAD software

Bentley GeoPak Bridge

Category: Graphics or photo imaging software

Bentley Systems InRoads Suite

Category: Map creation software

Bentley WaterCAD

Category: Computer aided design CAD software

Bill of materials software

Category: Materials requirements planning logistics and supply chain software

Boundary survey software

Category: Map creation software

Computer aided design and drafting CADD software

Category: Computer aided design CAD software

Computer aided design and drafting software CADD

Category: Computer aided design CAD software

Computer assisted design software

Category: Computer aided design CAD software

Corel Paint Shop Pro

Category: Graphics or photo imaging software

Dassault Systemes CATIA

Category: Computer aided design CAD software

Database software

Category: Data base user interface and query software

Digitizing and photogrammetric software

Category: Optical character reader OCR or scanning software

Document management system software

Category: Document management software

ENERCALC FastFrame

Category: Computer aided design CAD software

ERP software

Category: Enterprise resource planning ERP software

ESRI ArcView

Category: Geographic information system

Geographic information system GIS systems

Category: Geographic information system

Geomechanical design analysis GDA software

Category: Map creation software

Graphic presentation software

Category: Graphics or photo imaging software

Graphisoft ArchiCAD

Category: Computer aided design CAD software

Intergraph Image Analyst

Category: Graphics or photo imaging software

Landscape modeling software

Category: Graphics or photo imaging software

Logitech 3D Pro

Category: Computer aided design CAD software

Microsoft Paint

Category: Graphics or photo imaging software

Motion graphics software

Category: Graphics or photo imaging software

NavisWorks Jetstream

Category: Computer aided design CAD software

Non uniform rational b-splines NURBS software

Category: Graphics or photo imaging software

OpenRoads Designer

Category: Computer aided design CAD software | In Demand

Piping and instrumentation design PID software

Category: Computer aided design CAD software

PTC Creo Parametric

Category: Computer aided design CAD software

Scanning software

Category: Optical character reader OCR or scanning software

Softimage Extreme

Category: Graphics or photo imaging software

Specification software

Category: Word processing software

SpecsInTact

Category: Project management software

Sun Microsystems Cobalt

Category: Graphics or photo imaging software

Tekla software

Category: Computer aided design CAD software

Three-dimensional modeling software

Category: Computer aided design CAD software

Topographic map software

Category: Map creation software

UGS Solid Edge

Category: Computer aided design CAD software

VectorWorks ARCHITECT

Category: Computer aided design CAD software

Word processing software

Category: Word processing software

Working with Computers

Using computers and computer systems (including hardware and software) to program, write software, set up functions, enter data, or process information.

Drafting, Laying Out, and Specifying Technical Devices, Parts, and Equipment

Providing documentation, detailed instructions, drawings, or specifications to tell others about how devices, parts, equipment, or structures are to be fabricated, constructed, assembled, modified, maintained, or used.

Getting Information

Observing, receiving, and otherwise obtaining information from all relevant sources.

Evaluating Information to Determine Compliance with Standards

Using relevant information and individual judgment to determine whether events or processes comply with laws, regulations, or standards.

Making Decisions and Solving Problems

Analyzing information and evaluating results to choose the best solution and solve problems.

Communicating with Supervisors, Peers, or Subordinates

Providing information to supervisors, co-workers, and subordinates by telephone, in written form, e-mail, or in person.

Thinking Creatively

Developing, designing, or creating new applications, ideas, relationships, systems, or products, including artistic contributions.

Updating and Using Relevant Knowledge

Keeping up-to-date technically and applying new knowledge to your job.

Organizing, Planning, and Prioritizing Work

Developing specific goals and plans to prioritize, organize, and accomplish your work.

Documenting/Recording Information

Entering, transcribing, recording, storing, or maintaining information in written or electronic/magnetic form.

Processing Information

Compiling, coding, categorizing, calculating, tabulating, auditing, or verifying information or data.

Analyzing Data or Information

Identifying the underlying principles, reasons, or facts of information by breaking down information or data into separate parts.

Identifying Objects, Actions, and Events

Identifying information by categorizing, estimating, recognizing differences or similarities, and detecting changes in circumstances or events.

Communicating with People Outside the Organization

Communicating with people outside the organization, representing the organization to customers, the public, government, and other external sources. This information can be exchanged in person, in writing, or by telephone or e-mail.

Establishing and Maintaining Interpersonal Relationships

Developing constructive and cooperative working relationships with others, and maintaining them over time.

Estimating the Quantifiable Characteristics of Products, Events, or Information

Estimating sizes, distances, and quantities; or determining time, costs, resources, or materials needed to perform a work activity.

Scheduling Work and Activities

Scheduling events, programs, and activities, as well as the work of others.

Monitoring Processes, Materials, or Surroundings

Monitoring and reviewing information from materials, events, or the environment, to detect or assess problems.

Interpreting the Meaning of Information for Others

Translating or explaining what information means and how it can be used.

Providing Consultation and Advice to Others

Providing guidance and expert advice to management or other groups on technical, systems-, or process-related topics.

Coordinating the Work and Activities of Others

Getting members of a group to work together to accomplish tasks.

Developing Objectives and Strategies

Establishing long-range objectives and specifying the strategies and actions to achieve them.

Developing and Building Teams

Encouraging and building mutual trust, respect, and cooperation among team members.

Guiding, Directing, and Motivating Subordinates

Providing guidance and direction to subordinates, including setting performance standards and monitoring performance.

Judging the Qualities of Objects, Services, or People

Assessing the value, importance, or quality of things or people.

Resolving Conflicts and Negotiating with Others

Handling complaints, settling disputes, and resolving grievances and conflicts, or otherwise negotiating with others.

Inspecting Equipment, Structures, or Materials

Inspecting equipment, structures, or materials to identify the cause of errors or other problems or defects.

Training and Teaching Others

Identifying the educational needs of others, developing formal educational or training programs or classes, and teaching or instructing others.

Coaching and Developing Others

Identifying the developmental needs of others and coaching, mentoring, or otherwise helping others to improve their knowledge or skills.

Performing Administrative Activities

Performing day-to-day administrative tasks such as maintaining information files and processing paperwork.

Performing for or Working Directly with the Public

Performing for people or dealing directly with the public. This includes serving customers in restaurants and stores, and receiving clients or guests.

Selling or Influencing Others

Convincing others to buy merchandise/goods or to otherwise change their minds or actions.

Assisting and Caring for Others

Providing personal assistance, medical attention, emotional support, or other personal care to others such as coworkers, customers, or patients.

Staffing Organizational Units

Recruiting, interviewing, selecting, hiring, and promoting employees in an organization.

Monitoring and Controlling Resources

Monitoring and controlling resources and overseeing the spending of money.

Performing General Physical Activities

Performing general physical activities includes doing activities that require considerable use of your arms and legs and moving your whole body, such as climbing, lifting, balancing, walking, stooping, and handling materials.

Operating Vehicles, Mechanized Devices, or Equipment

Running, maneuvering, navigating, or driving vehicles or mechanized equipment, such as forklifts, passenger vehicles, aircraft, or watercraft.

Repairing and Maintaining Electronic Equipment

Servicing, repairing, calibrating, regulating, fine-tuning, or testing machines, devices, and equipment that operate primarily on the basis of electrical or electronic (not mechanical) principles.

Controlling Machines and Processes

Using either control mechanisms or direct physical activity to operate machines or processes (not including computers or vehicles).

Handling and Moving Objects

Using hands and arms in handling, installing, positioning, and moving materials, and manipulating things.

Repairing and Maintaining Mechanical Equipment

Servicing, repairing, adjusting, and testing machines, devices, moving parts, and equipment that operate primarily on the basis of mechanical (not electronic) principles.

Dependability

A tendency to be reliable, responsible, and consistent in meeting work-related obligations.

Humility

A tendency to be modest and humble when interacting with others at work.

Leadership Orientation

A tendency to lead, take charge, offer opinions, and provide direction at work.

Perseverance

A tendency to exhibit determination and resolve to perform or complete tasks in the face of difficult circumstances or obstacles at work.

Self-Confidence

A tendency to believe in one's work-related capabilities and ability to control one's work-related outcomes.

Adaptability

A tendency to be open to and comfortable with change, new experiences, or ideas at work.

Initiative

A tendency to be proactive and take on extra responsibilities and tasks that may fall outside of one's required work role.

Stress Tolerance

A tendency to cope and function effectively in stressful situations at work.

Tolerance for Ambiguity

A tendency to be comfortable with ambiguity and uncertainty at work.

Self-Control

A tendency to remain calm and composed and to manage emotions effectively in response to criticism or difficult situations at work.

Intellectual Curiosity

A tendency to seek out and acquire new work-related knowledge and obtain a deep understanding of work-related subjects.

Cautiousness

A tendency to be careful, deliberate, and risk-avoidant when making work-related decisions or doing work.

Achievement Orientation

A tendency to establish and maintain personally challenging work-related goals, set high work-related standards, and exert high effort toward meeting those goals and standards.

Attention to Detail

A tendency to be detail-oriented, organized, and thorough in completing work.

Integrity

A tendency to be honest and ethical at work.

Innovation

A tendency to be inventive, to be imaginative, and to adopt new perspectives on ways to accomplish work.

Social Orientation

A tendency to seek out, enjoy, and be energized by social interaction at work.

Cooperation

A tendency to be pleasant, helpful, and willing to assist others at work.

Optimism

A tendency to exhibit a positive attitude and positive emotions at work, even under difficult circumstances.

Empathy

A tendency to show concern for others and be sensitive to others' needs and feelings at work.

Sincerity

A tendency to be genuine and sincere in interactions with others at work, without concern for personal gain or self-interest.